湿润亚热带典型白云岩流域的化学剥蚀速率——以贵州施秉黄洲河流域为例

针对白云岩岩溶作用过程研究较为缺乏、白云岩地区的化学剥蚀速率报道较少等问题,本文以中国南方喀斯特施秉世界自然遗产地内黄洲河典型白云岩流域为研究区,采用流域水化学径流法,通过获得的2015年3月~2016年3月水文年内钙、镁离子的月平均浓度和高时间分辨率的流量数据,结合白云岩流域的水化学稳态行为,计算出该白云岩流域的化学剥蚀速率为46.91 mm/ka,与其他相似气候条件下白云岩流域的化学剥蚀速率相当,但比以石灰岩为主的碳酸盐岩流域的化学剥蚀速率高38%。这主要是因为在自然条件下,亚热带典型白云岩在地域尺度上有足够的时间达到溶解平衡态,进而使白云石较高的溶解度成为影响其化学剥蚀速率的主要因素。     

不同来源废水中TOC与COD相关性研究

对纺织染整、化工、制药、食品加工各行业生产废水及城镇污水厂处理设施出水中的TOC(自动仪器监测)与COD(实验室手工分析)测定值进行回归分析,并检验一元线性回归方程的显著性和有效性。结果表明,各行业生产废水中TOC与COD值均存在非常显著的相关性,且废水组成成分越单一稳定,其相关性越好,同行业废水中TOC与COD回归方程的斜率b较为接近。利用TOC自动在线监测值换算所得的COD值,准确性和稳定性高,能满足水质实时连续监测的需要。     

石墨烯修饰碳毡电极与微生物相互作用过程中的电化学特征

在希瓦氏菌(Shewanella putrefaciens)呼吸驱动下,成功制备了生源性还原态的氧化石墨烯(r-GO)修饰的碳毡电极,进一步研究了r-GO修饰碳毡电极与微生物相互作用的电化学特征.结果表明:经r-GO修饰的碳毡电极与微生物的相互作用程度得到显著提升,这主要是由于修饰后电极的扩散内阻(R_(dif))得到快速降低的结果.将r-GO修饰后的碳毡电极作为阳极应用于微生物燃料电池(MFC)中,经微生物呼吸驱动下的石墨烯修饰电极,由于R_(dif)降低导致电极的电化学活性增强,使得电极和微生物相互作用程度得到提升,从而缩短了MFC启动时间,提高了MFC的产电能力.研究进一步表明,r-GO对电极的修饰,调控了对电极电化学活性及生源性电子向电极表面的传递过程.     

某油田集输系统化学助剂中有毒物质调查与分析

采用现场调查、职业病危害因素检测等方法,对某油田集输系统化学助剂中有毒物质进行了调查和分析,在防护设施、个体防护用品方面提出针对性的建议。     

Release kinetics of vanadium from vanadium (III, IV and V) oxides: Effect of pH, temperature and oxide dose

Batch experiments were performed to derive the rate laws for the proton-promoted dissolution of the main vanadium (III, IV and V) oxides at pH 3.1–10.0. The release rates of vanadium are closely related to the aqueous pH, and several obvious differences were observed in the release behavior of vanadium from the dissolution of V₂O₅ and vanadium(III, IV) oxides. In the first 2 hr, the release rates of vanadium from V₂O₃ were r = 1.14·([H⁺])^0.269 at pH 3.0–6.0 and r = 0.016·([H⁺])^? 0.048 at pH 6.0–10.0; the release rates from VO₂ were r = 0.362·([H⁺])^0.129 at pH 3.0–6.0 and r = 0.017·([H⁺])^? 0.097 at pH 6.0–10.0; and the release rates from V₂O₅ were r = 0.131·([H⁺])^? 0.104 at pH 3.1–10.0. The release rates of vanadium from the three oxides increased with increasing temperature, and the effect of temperature was different at pH 3.8, pH 6.0 and pH 7.7. The activation energies of vanadium (III, IV and V) oxides (33.4–87.5 kJ/mol) were determined at pH 3.8, pH 6.0 and pH 7.7, showing that the release of vanadium from dissolution of vanadium oxides follows a surface-controlled reaction mechanism. The release rates of vanadium increased with increasing vanadium oxides dose, albeit not proportionally. This study, as part of a broader study of the release behavior of vanadium, can help to elucidate the pollution problem of vanadium and to clarify the fate of vanadium in the environment.     

环境态度及其与环境行为关系的文献评述与元分析

为总结梳理环境态度定义、测量方法、影响因素及其对环境行为的影响,采用文献综述与元分析（meta-analysis）的方法,检索Elsevier ScienceDirect数据库、Web of Science Core Collection数据库、中国人民大学中文学术资源发现平台和中国知网（CNKI）中有关环境态度的文献,并从检索出的652篇相关文献中筛选出202篇核心文献、提取出43篇实证文献,对环境态度与4类环境行为之间的关系进行定量分析.结果表明,从环境态度定义和测量方式来看,国内外研究者对环境态度有着诸多定义,但都集中在“情感”“信念”“行为意图与倾向”等心理学方面;环境态度的测量方式也较多,诸多测量量表被开发,其中新环境范式量表和新生态范式量表在该领域占据着重要地位.从环境态度的影响因素来看,众多研究者从心理学和社会人口学方面进行研究,国外研究者对这两大方面有着广泛研究,价值观和道德、性别、年龄、收入、教育和知识皆为研究热点,而国内研究者比较注重环境知识这一影响因素.环境态度与环境行为之间综合相关系数为0.309（P < 0.001）,环境态度与环境行为之间呈显著正相关关系.分别考察环境态度与回收行为、能源消费行为、绿色购买行为以及出行行为等4类环境行为间的关系发现,环境态度与绿色购买行为综合相关系数为0.334（P < 0.001）,高于回收行为、能源消费行为和出行行为.研究还显示,在4类环境行为中,绿色购买行为与环境态度的相关性最强:一方面,环境态度有利于促进环境行为,因此可以通过教育、宣传等干预手段提高公众的环保态度,从而促进各类环保行为.另一方面,环境态度对于不同类型环保行为的促进效果是不同的,因此为促进公众的绿色购买行为,可以考虑增加对环境态度的教育和宣传,提高公众的环境态度;而对于促进节约用水、用电等能源消费行为,则不仅需要提高公众的环境态度,还需要结合其他更有效的干预手段（如价格干预、提示标志等）.      

Study on the effects of organic matter characteristics on the residual aluminum and flocs in coagulation processes

Characteristics of organic matter may affect the residual aluminum after the coagulation process. This study reported the results of a survey for one drinking water treatment plant and measured the concentration of residual aluminum species with different molecular weights.Survey results indicated that humic acid or organic matter whose molecular weight was smaller than 1500 Da had significant effects on residual aluminum. All the treatment processes were ineffective in removing dissolved organic matter whose molecular weight was smaller than1500 Da. These results also indicated that the addition of sand or polyacrylamide in the coagulation process could greatly decrease the concentration of humic acid, and the concentration of residual aluminum also decreased. These results revealed that for all water samples after filtration, the majority of total residual aluminum existed in the form of total dissolved aluminum, accounting for 70%–90%. The concentration of residual aluminum produced in bovine serum albumin solutions indicated that when the DOC was larger than4.0 mg/L, there were still significant differences when the solution p H value varied from 4.0 to 9.0.     

Managed grassland alters soil N dynamics and N2O emissions in temperate steppe

Reclamation of degraded grasslands as managed grasslands has been increasingly accelerated in recent years in China. Land use change affects soil nitrogen(N) dynamics and nitrous oxide(N_2O) emissions. However, it remains unclear how large-scale grassland reclamation will impact the grassland ecosystem as a whole. Here, we investigated the effects of the conversion from native to managed grasslands on soil N dynamics and N_2O emissions by field experiments in Hulunber in northern China. Soil(0–10 cm), nitrate(NO_3~-),ammonium(NH_4~+), and microbial N were measured in plots in a temperate steppe(Leymus chinensis grassland) and two managed grasslands(Medicago sativa and Bromus inermis grasslands) in 2011 and 2012. The results showed conversion of L. chinensis grassland to M.sativa or B. inermis grasslands decreased concentrations of NO_3~–-N, but did not change NH_4~–N . Soil microbial N was slightly decreased by the conversion of L. chinensis grassland to M.sativa, but increased by the conversion to B. inermis. The conversion of L. chinensis grassland to M. sativa(i.e., a legume grass) increased N_2O emissions by 26.2%, while the conversion to the B. inermis(i.e., a non-legume grass) reduced N_2O emissions by 33.1%. The conversion from native to managed grasslands caused large created variations in soil NO?3~-+–N and NH_4~–N concentrations. Net N mineralization rates did not change significantly in growing season or vegetation type, but to net nitrification rate. These results provide evidence on how reclamation may impact the grassland ecosystem in terms of N dynamics and N_2O emissions.     

Effects of chlortetracycline, Cu and their combination on the performance and microbial community dynamics in swine manure anaerobic digestion

Swine manure was typical for the combined pollution of heavy metals and antibiotics. The effects of widely used veterinary antibiotic chlortetracycline(CTC), Cu and their combination on swine manure anaerobic digestion performance and microbial community have never been investigated. Thus, four 2 L anaerobic digestion reactors were established including reactor A(control), B(CTC spiked by 0.5 g/kg dry weight, dw), C(Cu spiked by 5 g/kg dw) and D(combination of CTC, 0.5 g/kg dw, and Cu, 5 g/kg dw), and dynamics of bacterial and archaeal community structure was investigated using high throughput sequencing method. Results showed that addition of CTC and Cu separately could increase the total biogas production by21.6% and 15.8%, respectively, while combination of CTC and Cu severely inhibited anaerobic digestion(by 30.3%). Furthermore, corresponding to different stages and reactors, four kinds of microbes including bacteria and archaea were described in detail, and the effects of CTC, Cu and their combination mainly occurred at hydrolysis and acidification phases. The addition of Cu alone changed the dynamics of archaeal community significantly. It was genus Methanomassiliicoccus that dominated at the active methane production for A, B and D, while it was genus Methanobrevibacter and Methanoculleus for C.     

Characterization of bacterial community and iron corrosion in drinking water distribution systems with O3-biological activated carbon treatment

Bacterial community structure and iron corrosion were investigated for simulated drinking water distribution systems(DWDSs) composed of annular reactors incorporating three different treatments: ozone, biologically activated carbon and chlorination(O_3-BAC-Cl_2);ozone and chlorination(O3-Cl_2); or chlorination alone(Cl_2). The lowest corrosion rate and iron release, along with more Fe_3O_4 formation, occurred in DWDSs with O_3-BAC-Cl_2 compared to those without a BAC filter. It was verified that O_3-BAC influenced the bacterial community greatly to promote the relative advantage of nitrate-reducing bacteria(NRB)in DWDSs. Moreover, the advantaged NRB induced active Fe(III) reduction coupled to Fe(II) oxidation, enhancing Fe_3O_4 formation and inhibiting corrosion. In addition, O_3-BAC pretreatment could reduce high-molecular-weight fractions of dissolved organic carbon effectively to promote iron particle aggregation and inhibit further iron release. Our findings indicated that the O_3-BAC treatment, besides removing organic pollutants in water, was also a good approach for controlling cast iron corrosion and iron release in DWDSs.